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Acids and Bases

Solvent Effects on Acid-Base Strength

Autor: Brian G. Cox

Limbă:

Legare: Copertă tare

Editura: Oxford University Press

Disponibilitate: În depozitul extern

Expediem în 10-18 zile

603.21 lei

Acids and bases are ubiquitous in chemistry. Our understanding of them, however, is dominated by the...

Informații despre carte

Autor

Brian G. Cox

Limbă

engleză

Legare

Carte - Copertă tare

Publicat

2013

Pagini

156

EAN

9780199670512

ISBN

019967051X

Enbook ID

04867251

Editura

Oxford University Press

Greutate

528

Dimensiuni

200 x 247 x 14

Descriere completă

Acids and bases are ubiquitous in chemistry. Our understanding of them, however, is dominated by their behaviour in water. Transfer to non-aqueous solvents leads to profound changes in acid-base strengths and to the rates and equilibria of many processes: for example, synthetic reactions involving acids, bases and nucleophiles; isolation of pharmaceutical actives through salt formation; formation of zwitter- ions in amino acids; and chromatographic separation of substrates. This book seeks to enhance our understanding of acids and bases by reviewing and analysing their behaviour in non-aqueous solvents. The behaviour is related where possible to that in water, but correlations and contrasts between solvents are also presented. Fundamental background material is provided in the initial chapters: quantitative aspects of acid-base equilibria, including definitions and relationships between solution pH and species distribution; the influence of molecular structure on acid strengths; and acidity in aqueous solution. Solvent properties are reviewed, along with the magnitude of the interaction energies of solvent molecules with (especially) ions; the ability of solvents to participate in hydrogen bonding and to accept or donate electron pairs is seen to be crucial. Experimental methods for determining dissociation constants are described in detail. In the remaining chapters, dissociation constants of a wide range of acids in three distinct classes of solvents are discussed: protic solvents, such as alcohols, which are strong hydrogen-bond donors; basic, polar aprotic solvents, such as dimethylformamide; and low-basicity and low polarity solvents, such as acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran. Dissociation constants of individual acids vary over more than 20 orders of magnitude among the solvents, and there is a strong differentiation between the response of neutral and charged acids to solvent change. Ion-pairing and hydrogen-bonding equilibria, such as between phenol and phenoxide ions, play an increasingly important role as the solvent polarity decreases, and their influence on acid-base equilibria and salt formation is described.

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Acids and Bases

Solvent Effects on Acid-Base Strength

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